New research examining data from more than 218,000 people across nearly 150 countries challenges the idea that the world is experiencing a simple and universal loneliness epidemic.

The study found that around one in five people reported feeling lonely during a typical day, but rates varied greatly depending on a country's income level and social conditions.In high-income countries, loneliness affected 15.7% of people on average, with Australia recording 17.8% and New Zealand 16.2%.In low-income countries, however, nearly one in three people reported loneliness.

The findings suggest that loneliness is not only an individual emotional experience but also a social issue shaped by economic circumstances, community connections and access to support networks.One of the strongest factors linked to lower loneliness was social capital, including trust and having people to rely on.Other influences included poor health, unemployment and relationship status.The researchers also found no clear evidence of a worldwide increase in loneliness between 2023 and 2024.While loneliness rose in some low-income countries, it declined in many high-income countries and remained relatively stable elsewhere.Despite the absence of a clear global trend, loneliness remains a significant public health concern.People experiencing loneliness were more likely to report lower life satisfaction, stress, worry, anger and physical pain.

The research suggests that solutions must be tailored to different contexts, including reducing poverty and improving social protection in poorer countries, while investing in community spaces, organisations and opportunities for connection in wealthier nations.